Fig. 4

a Simulation results of PPP%, NADTRHD, TKT2 and THD2 against growth rates at nominal energy demand. b Comparison between predicted trend of PPP% and experimental data. PP pathway ratio (PPP%) is divided by ten (0.1*PPP%) to unify the order of magnitude between different data types. Experimental data were obtained from [41]. uPPP% was set to 35%. Simulation was based on MG1655. NADTRH – NAD transhydrogenase, TKT – transketolase, THD2 – NADP transhydrogenase, simu – simulation results, exp. – experimental data